Alloy nchara pipe & tube

316L 1.4401 s31603 nchara nchara bụ nke dị ukwuu nke ukwuu na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke ejiri na-abụkarị ihe a na-ejikarị ọtụtụ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ngwa ahịa. A na-eme ss ss s31603 site na elu dị elu 316l nchara dị iche iche na-eguzogide corrosion, oxidation na ngwakọta, na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka gburugburu ya ma ọ bụ ngwa nrụgide siri ike.

Ọ na - egosipụta ezi nguzogide na-anọpụ iche na ibelata gburugburu. Alloy a na -emepụta oxide ube, ihe nkiri na-egbochi nke na-adịghị ada ada, mana ọ na-ejigide nguzogide na-eguzogide na-enwu ọkụ.

Igwe na-agbasa na-agbasa - na-agbasa ígwè-nickel-cobalt alloys, kovar alloys, nwere usoro mgbasa ikuku nke yiri nke ahụ dị ka nke otu okpomọkụ

A na-eji eriri afọ 625 mara nke ọma na oxidation, ọnọdụ-okpomọkụ dị elu na ike ọgwụgwụ. A na-ejikarị efere ASTM B443 na-enweghị isi na Aerospace, nhazi kemịkalụ na mmanụ na mmanụ n'ihi ike ya, ike na ịdị ogologo ndụ na mpaghara dị iche iche.

A na-eduzi site na nha dị iche iche na oke nha na ọkpụrụkpụ dị iche iche, ụdị Nickel-Chromium-Chromium-molyybdeom maka ike ya na nguzogide corrosion.

Iji zipu pipeline, ọ dị mkpa iji wepu hose hoce na pipeline. Mgbe ị na-eji ọkpọkọ dị iche iche, a ga-eji pipọtị dị iche iche. Mgbe ejiri ọkpọkọ, a ga-eji ikio mmachi a ga-agbanwe nha nke pipeline. Mgbe ị na-eme mkpọtụ, atọ ahụ na-ejikọ njikọ ọnụ njikọ ahụ na nkwonkwo na-arụ ọrụ na nkwonkwo ahụ, iji ruo ogologo oge ndọtị na-ahụ anya, ogologo ntabi anya na-ejikọ ọnụ nke ọkpọkọ. , N'ime njikọ dị iche iche ngwa, enwerekwa njikọ na plọg nke ngwa.

Sae 304 igwe anaghị agba nchara bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara. Na nchara ahụ nwere chromium (n'etiti 18% na 20%) na nickel (n'etiti 8% na 10.5%) [1] Ọ bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara. Ọ naghị adịkarị eletrik na iji kpụrụ akpụ karịa igwe carbon. Ọ bụ ndọta, ma ndọta dị ala karịa nchara. O nwere ike iguzogide elu karịa nchara ma na-ejikarị ya n'ihi na ọ ga-adịrị ndị a na-etolite n'ụdị dị iche iche. [1]

A na-egbochi iri nathol-chromium-chrom nke na-ejikarị ngwa dị elu na ngwa dị ka ọrịa aerospace na gas. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị mkpa na mmepụta nke ASTM B670 akwụkwọ mpịakọta 718 bụ mpempe akwụkwọ mpịakọta. E nwere ụdị abụọ nke eriri afọ 7118 dị na ahịa: a na-ekpo ọkụ na efere oyi.

N08367 na-ekwukarị na Alloy Al6xn bụ carbon dị ala, ịdị ọcha nke ukwuu "Nickel-mulybdem na-enwe ike iguzogide chloride na corrosion.

Chromium molybdenum nwere ike dị elu karịa nchara, nke na-enyere ndị na-eme atụmatụ aka iji rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa ma ọ bụ obere iji belata ibu.

Flange bụ nke abụọ ejikọtara ọnụ. A na-eji flanges mgbe nkwonkwo chọrọ ịchụ nta. Ọ na-enye mgbanwe maka ndozi. Flige na-ejikọ ọkpọkọ na akụrụngwa na valves. A na-agbakwunye ọgba aghara na sistemụ ọkpọkọ ma ọ bụrụ na mmezi ya na achọrọ n'oge ọrụ ọkụkụ.

Na-egosi nchara 304 maka ezigbo corsonion na-eguzogide ike, a ga-agbakwunye ụda Weld dị mma na sistemụ site na olu. Enwere ike nyochaa mpaghara ndị ahụ welded ngwa ngwa. Achịcha na flage na-ebelata ọgba aghara na mbuze n'ime ọkpọkọ. Flange dị mma maka iji ngwa dị egwu ma sie ike maka iji ikuku, mmiri, mmanụ, na uzuoku.

Alloy 800 Hell Holy na-agbasa na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịmepụta ụdị dị elu nke ụdị ndị ahịa anyị chọrọ. Anyị na-emepụta na-emepụta 800 flanges nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma dị mma. Anyị na-eji akụrụngwa adịchaghị mma na igwe dị elu maka ịmepụta ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n0800.

Ntụgharị 600 nke usoro nke ọkọlọtọ N06600 na ASTM B167 bụ ndị mepụtara iji kwado nnukwu nrụgide ma bịa na nnukwu akwụkwọ ikike.

A maara Nickel dabere na 800 Incoloy Hexagol pipe na-enwe ezigbo nguzogide corrosion. N'ezie, ịsụ asụsụ, Incoloy 800 pipe na-enye iguzogide iguzogide carburtization abụọ ahụ yana corrosion.

BULPLEX RULS & Rods
ASTM A240 please 2205 bụ efere doccles nke ejiri rụọ ọrụ nke ukwuu na nhazi dị iche iche dị ka nhazi kemịkalụ, mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri. A na-eme mpempe akwụkwọ 3055 na ọkwa 2205 ígwè, nke bụ ngwakọta nke ferritic na chara acha.

Akwụsị Ọgwụ, Ọgwụgwụ Laut "
Nickel alloy flanges
O nwere ike iguzogide ọtụtụ ihe kemịkal na kemịlị na-enweghị oxiding, ma na-egosipụta oke iguzogide na-efe efe na ọnụnọ nke chloride na ndị ọzọ.
Mpempe akwụkwọ & akwa & cils

, TP304L, TP304l, TP31L, TP31L, TP31L, TP321, TP327, No8367, No8967, No8926, No8926

Dị ka nzukọ dị mma n'ahịa, anyị dị ka Rexton na-etinye aka na mkpokọta flancres, onye nrụpụta, ndị na-eweta ya, na ezigbo ndị ahịa anyị na ụgwọ ọrụ ezi uche dị na ya.

Asme B36.19m bụ nkọwapụta ọkọlọtọ maka ọkpọ nchara, nke na-akọwapụta akụkụ, nnabata, na ọrụ na-achọ ihe abụọ na-enweghị atụ.

Igwe nchara 316 nchara abụrụla ihe dị mkpa maka mpaghara mmepụta ihe. A nabatara Alloy nke ígwè na Chrome maka nguzogide ya dị elu na corrosion, yana ịdịte ya. E nwere ike imepụta eriri nchara na-enweghị mmiri ma welded tubes iji zute mkpa ndị ahịa.

A họpụtara Sch40 Mon 400 PIPE dị ka nọmba Werkstoff 2.4360 na enweghị N04400. Alloy 400 pipe a makwaara dị ka mone alloy 400 pịpe, mone 400 pịp & nickel alloy 400 pịchaa.

Ibé akwụkwọ N10276 nwere ezigbo nguzogide na corrosion, nrụgide na-efe efe na nguzogide dị elu ijikwa crorice corrosion karịa Steel nke alloy.

A na-ejikarị eserese nke SA335 P11 dị iche iche na ngwa dị iche iche na osisi na usoro dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. Iji maa atụ, ngwa maka mkpụrụ osisi p115 SA335 gụnyere ike ọkụ, osisi petrochemical, ndị na-emegharị, okpomọkụ, okpomọkụ na-elu okpomọkụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.

Sae 310 igwe anaghị agba nchara bụ aLenitic chánitic lynitic ígwè eji eji igwe eji eme ihe eji eme ya maka oke okpomọkụ. Odide chromium na Nickel na-enye steel nke ọma yana ike dị elu na oke okpomọkụ. Uzo a bu kwa nduru, ma nwee ezigbo Wardability na - eme ka oputara ya na otutu ngwa

A na-ejikarị eriri carbon, emepụtara na ASTM A105, a na-ejikarị ngwa piping. Ndị a agbagharala ngwakọta carbon nke carbon (gụnyere flanges, ihe dị mma, na valves, wdg) maka ndị agha na-arụ ọrụ na sistemụ nrụgide. A1055n, nke edoziri ya na tozuru etozu ¡±, na-egosiputa ag205 Ichekwa onodu a ka edoziri. Ọ bụrụ na a na-eji ndị na-echefu ihe maka ngwa Asme BPVC ma ọ bụ Asme B31, ihe ahụ ga-abụ otu ihe ya bụ SA-105 ma ọ bụ nke 105 ma ọ bụ 105n. Na nkenke, ikpo ọkụ nke ịdịgide na-amata ọdịiche A1057 site na A105, ma ọ bụ Sa-105n site na Sa-105. ASTM A105 Flinge bụ nkọwapụta nke flanges. Nkọwapụta ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye akara mmụta dị iche iche nke ihe anaghị agba nchara mere fnags. Franges bụ nke ichefu carbon ígwè ma bu n'uche maka ọrụ okpomọkụ dị elu.

Nke a na-enye nguzogide nke ukwuu na sulfuric acid. Ọ nwekwara ọdịnaya chromium dị elu, iji bulie nguzogide ya na kemịkal na-agafe agafe site na oxygen na-agbaze.
ASTM B366 WPNLLL DN 40 25 SCH 40S ASME B16..9 Reducer

ASTM B564 P54400 pic flang flag 400 bụ ọla kọpa (ihe dị ka 67% na-eguzogide mmiri mmiri na uzuoku na ngwọta caustic. Alloy 400 bụ ihe ngwọta siri ike alloy nke nwere ike sie ike na-arụ ọrụ oyi. Ulo Nickel a na-egosipụta njirimara dị mma na-eguzogide nguzogide, ezigbo ọzụzụ na ike dị elu. Ọnụego ihe dị ala na-asọpụta na ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ mmiri na-asọpụta na-agbagide na nrụgide na-efe efe na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche ngwa na ngwa ndị ọzọ na-abụghị oxidizizi.

ASTM A193 Grade B7 Bols na studs na chrome molybdem nchara ma na-agbaze ma na-ewute ya (ọkụ na-agwọ) iji nweta ihe ndị ọrụ chọrọ (ike). Grade B7 bụ ihe a na-ejikarị ọkwa193 bolt na owuwu.

Zụta igwe anaghị agba nchara 254 SMO Wedded pipes na sma 254 square pipes
Mkpokọta 36® bụ nickel-ígwè, mgbasa ozi dị ala nke nwere 36% nickel, ọkọlọtọ 36 nwere ọdịiche dị ala site na + 500 Celsius F (260 Celsius C).
Anpel 600 pipe na-eguzogide

Nkọwapụta 800h 800h anyị nwere aha siri ike na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịmepụta ụdị dị elu nke ụdị ndị ahịa anyị chọrọ. Anyị na-emepụta na-emepụta 800 flanges nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma dị mma. Anyị na-eji akụrụngwa adịchaghị mma na igwe dị elu maka ịmepụta ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n0800.

Ọtụtụ ngwa na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche. Oke ọgwụ, kemịkal, wdg. A maara f9 ígwè nchara f9 a na-ama ama iji nye ya ohere nhicha, nnyocha ma ọ bụ mgbanwe n'ihi mmegide na-ezukọ.

Ezubere ihe dabara adaba na saịtị ahụ na njedebe ya (s) iji jikọọ na pipe (s) ma kwe ka mgbanwe na uzo ma ọ bụ na-ejedebe ma ọ bụ njedebe.

Nke a dabara adaba wee bụrụ akụkụ nke usoro maka ibugharị mmiri (mmanụ, ikuku, kemịkal, ...) n'ụzọ dị mma, karịa dị mkpụmkpụ ma ọ bụ dị anya.

Ezubere ihe dabara adaba na saịtị ahụ na njedebe ya (s) iji jikọọ na pipe (s) ma kwe ka mgbanwe na uzo ma ọ bụ na-ejedebe ma ọ bụ njedebe.

Nke a dabara adaba wee bụrụ akụkụ nke usoro maka ibugharị mmiri (mmanụ, ikuku, kemịkal, ...) n'ụzọ dị mma, karịa dị mkpụmkpụ ma ọ bụ dị anya.

Sae 310 igwe anaghị agba nchara bụ aLenitic chánitic lynitic ígwè eji eji igwe eji eme ihe eji eme ya maka oke okpomọkụ. Odide chromium na Nickel na-enye steel nke ọma yana ike dị elu na oke okpomọkụ. A na-emekwa ọkwa a na - emekwa nke ọma, ma nwee ezigbo ọgbụgba na - eme ka ojiji ya na - eme ka ọ dị na ọtụtụ ngwa Welded pipe efw beveled njedebe, njedebe ^

Flange bụ onye na-egbuji, egbugbere ọnụ ma ọ bụ rim, ma ọ bụ nke mpụga ma ọ bụ nke na-arụ ọrụ ka ịbawanye ike (dị ka floage nke iron, ma ọ bụ t-sy); Maka mgbakwunye dị mfe na ihe ọzọ na - eme (dịka flage na njedebe nke ọkpọkọ, wdg, ma ọ bụ n'elu oghere igwefoto); ma ọ bụ maka nkwụsi ike ma na-eduzi mmegharị nke igwe ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya (dị ka ọ dị n'ime ụgbọ ala ụgbọ okporo ígwè, nke na-edebe wiil ndị ahụ site na ịgbanyụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè). A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ "Flan" maka ụdị ngwaọrụ eji eme mpempe flanges.

Internal 625 jikọta nguzogide okpomọkụ, nguzogide na ike. A na-eji eriri afọ 625 na-eji na gburugburu na-esi na obere okpomọkụ na-esite na obere okpomọkụ ruo 1800o f (1000o c). Antioxidant bụ isi ihe. Dị ka alloy C276, Internal 625 bụ Nickel-Chromium-molyybdeom alloy. Dinggbakwunye niobili na-ebute ihe dị ike. Ngwa ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ gburugburu ebe obibi na akụrụngwa njikwa.

A na-eji ọkpọkọ nchara niile na ngwa chọrọ nguzogide nguzogide na-eguzogide nguzogide, ịdị ogologo oge, na ego akụ na ụba. Naanị tinye, a na-ahọrọ ọkpọkọ Alloy n'akụkụ ndị ahụ ebe ọkpọ carbon nchara carbon nwere ike ịda. Enwere ụdị nchara abụọ - ụdị alliy steel na ala dị ala.

Nickel Alloy 400 na monel 400, makwaara dị ka N044400, bụ Alcoy Nickel-Copper-Copper nke sitere na ọla atọ na ọla kọpa. A maara Nickel Alloy 400 maka iguzogide ụdị ọnọdụ ya, gụnyere alkalis (ma ọ bụ acid), mmiri nnu, na sulfuric acid. Ebe ọ bụ na Monel 400 ma ọ bụ alloy 400 bụ oyi na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, Alloy nwere oke isi ike, ike na ike. Site na oyi na-arụ ọrụ ASTM B164 na-enweghị isi N04400 Bark, a na-edo onwe ya ọkwa dị elu nke nrụgide nke ọma, nke na-ebute mgbanwe na microy.

Ebe ọ bụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-erughị 1% nke mejupụtara, a na-akpọ ndị a carbon steels.05 na-eme nke carbon ígwè ma ọ bụ ihe dị nro. Ihe mejupụtara ihe nwere ike ịnwe carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sọlfọ na iron na nchịkọta.

Alloy 20 (alloy 20) bụ Aulenitic Almenitic nke dị iche iche mepụtara iji guzogide corrosic acid acid. Ọ nwere nguzogide nduru sọlfọ; O nwere iguzogide siri ike na phosphoric acid, nitric acid na gburugburu gburugburu chloride, corroside nrụgide, na-etinye corrosion na corrosion. Ya mere, alloy 20 nwere aha nke mgbochi corrosion allosion. Ọ nwere ọtụtụ ngwa dị iche iche: Chemical, nri, ọgwụ, ọgwụ ike na ụlọ ọrụ plastik ga-eji ya. N'ihi na nguzogide corrosion na corrosion chloride, nsogbu na-agbawa nsogbu nsogbu, wdg, alloy 20 na-ejikarị.

Alcoy-Coasper-Corpper 400 Monel 2.4360 na-atụfu mkpanaka na-egbochi ngwa ọgụ na-agba ọsọ na-efe efe mgbe ekpughere ya na gburugburu ebe a na-ahụkarị. Mone 400 bụ ọla kọpa na Nickel dabere na-ewu ewu taa n'ihi arụmọrụ ya dị elu. Alloy nwere ezigbo acid na alkali iguzogide. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nwere ezigbo ihe na-adịghị egwu egwu, na-akụda mmụọ, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, ma nwee ike ịrụkwa ọrụ oyi. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji ya na ngwa na okpomọkụ si na mwepu ruo 538 ogo Celsius.

A na-ahụkarị ngwa nke enweghị mgbagha nke afọ 800 gụnyere nri na ụlọ ọrụ ihe ọ beụ, na mgbakwunye na iji ya maka ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ.

ASTM A213 TP304, TP304L, TP31L, TP31L, TP31L, TP317, TP34, TP34, No8367, Mba8927, No8926

Industlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-egbochi corrosion. Mkpa ọrụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na-eduga na nnabata na uto ha n'akụkụ ike, ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmanụ na gas, ọgwụ na-emepụta ihe gas na-eme mkpọtụ.

Nkwonkwo a na-acha uhie uhie mejupụtara atọ dị iche na nnwere onwe ha na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ; Frances, Geluskets, na bọlsọga; nke na - achikọta ya site na mmetụta ọzọ, onye na - ahụ A chọrọ njikwa pụrụ iche na nhọrọ na itinye ya na ebe niile enwere ike inweta nkwonkwo, nke nwere nkwụsi ike na-adọrọ adọrọ.

Ọdịnaya dị elu, Molybden na nitrogen dị elu na-ebute nguzogide na-arụ ọrụ na steeti na-arụ ọrụ na steeti niile na-eme ihe niile dị na mbara igwe karịa 50¡ãc.

Oké iwe site na 10500c na 1150¡Ãc na mmiri dakọtara, usoro ọgwụgwọ nke D31803 na-adịghị mma na a na-agbaze ụgbọ ala niile.

Super Dreclex na-enweghị mmiri 1.4410 mkpụrụ? Oke Molybdem, chromium na nitrogen na nitrogen na nitrogen na? Super duplex 2507 hex mkpụrụ akụ?

A na-eji tubes c2000 ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere nhazi petrochemical, usoro nhazi ngwa kemịkalụ, mmagharị mmanụ na osisi.

Ibelata titanium bụ ihe dị ka 60% nke igwe anaghị agba nchara na nickel alloys, ịchekwa ibu a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nhọrọ a ma ama na ngwa dị ka Aerospoce.

Ọkpụkpụ nke nhazi na-enweghị isi nwere ikike ibu na ike dị elu na ume elu karịa akara ule ndị ọzọ.

Ihe mejupụtara nke monel k500 na-agụnye carbon, manganese, silicon, sọlfọ na titanium na tikanium na ndị ọla kọpa. Ọ bụ ihe mejupụtara a pụrụ iche nke na-enye ike ya ike ya, oke nguzogide na nkwanye. Ngwa maka ndị a fasteners gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ogige ahụ, ngwa ngwa, Petrochemicals, kemịkal gas, na ndị ọzọ.

Roll isi na-enweghị isi n06625-Internet 625 na-enweghị atụ na Nickel Alloy M38 gbara isi na-agbanwe isi

ASTM A333 bụ nkọwapụta carbon na carded carbon na welded piped carbon maka ọrụ okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ngwa ndị ọzọ chọrọ enweghị isi ike. Esemokwu a na-ekpuchi ọnụ ahịa nke Ferritic steels: ọkwa, ọkwa nke 4, ọkwa 10, ọkwa nke 10 na-agbakwunye na arụ ọrụ, mana klas nke 4 ga-emepụta site na usoro nke 4 ga-emepụta ya. Ọkpụkpụ kwesịrị ịbụ nke ịgbado ọkụ, ma site na nnwale nke redio ma ọ bụ ultrasonic.

Alloy 310s PIPS na-enweghị atụ na-eguzogide nha na 2000 Celsius F. Asme Sa312 ss 310s pipes na-agafeghị oke na oke okpomọkụ. Ọkpụkpụ s31008 na-enweghị ike na-enweghị ike na-eguzogide corrosion ọkụ. A na-ezokwa ya dị ka WNR 1.4845 PIPS na-enweghị atụ, o nwere ike na ike na oke okpokolo. A na-egosipụta ya ngwa ngwa usoro azụmahịa. Tụnyere ka carbon ígwè, steel ndị a na-acha ọcha bụ cougè ma na-arụ ọrụ ike ngwa ngwa.

Al6xn bụ nebisenitic nchara dị ukwuu site na nguzogide pụtara ìhè na chloride na-akwụ, corvice corrosion na nrụgide corrosion. Al6xn bụ alyy alloy 6 moly mepụtara maka ma ejiri ya rụọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. O nwere otutu nickel (24%), molybdenum (6.3%), nitrogen na chromium na-enye ya oke iguzogide ya chloride na chloride na-eguzogide nguzogide. A na-eji AL6XN nke ọma maka ike ya na crovice na-eguzogide na chlorides. Ọ bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara.
Ọkpọ nchara
Haitian Creole
HtsSPIPE.
Alloy nchara
Myanmar (Burmese)
https: \ / \ / www.htpipe.com \ / steelpipe
Mpempe akwụkwọ nchara & akwa & cils
BETT Weld Pipe Fit
MOEL 400 PIPE maka Frames maka Eygugses
C2000 Hastelloy alloy tubeng haastellow c2000 nzuzu pic
Asme B16.5 ASTM A182 316L TG OFRIFF FLGNGE

Monel 400 bụ Nickel Coloy (ihe dị ka 67% cu) nke na-eguzogide na-eguzogide ya na nnu na nke alkaline na ala na-agbada. Ezigbo ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ na nkụ na-eme nke ọma maka ngwa mmiri.

A na-eji f276 flanges na-eme nke Nickel-Chromium-molybdem alloom a na-akpọ Hastulloy. Ihe mejupụtara gụnyere 50.99% nickel, 14.5% chromium, 15% molybdenum na carbon, manganese, sọlfọ, combhes na phosphorus. Hastellow c276 nwere isi ihe na-egbu egbu nke 1370 celsius.
Ọkpọ nchara
Haitian Creole
HtsSPIPE.
Alloy nchara
Myanmar (Burmese)
https: \ / \ / www.htpipe.com \ / steelpipe
Mpempe akwụkwọ nchara & akwa & cils
BETT Weld Pipe Fit
MOEL 400 PIPE maka Frames maka Eygugses
C2000 Hastelloy alloy tubeng haastellow c2000 nzuzu pic
310s pipe, s31008 pipe, plow nchara

Alloy 600 bụ Nickel-Chromium-Chromium-chroy eji na ngwa chọrọ corrosion na nguzosi ọkụ. Alloy a nwere ezigbo ọrụ eji arụ ọrụ ma gosipụta ezigbo ngwakọta nke ike dị elu na ezigbo nrụpụta n'elu ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu.