ASTM A182 na Frances dị ala 304 igwe anaghị agba nchara nchara

Titanium agbakwunyere, ya na ọgwụgwọ ọkụ dị mma, na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche nke Plate Prate flanges na intergramular corrion. Site na nkwa na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na ịdị mma, anyị na-enye ndị ahịa anyị otu ụdị enweghị mgbagha dịgasị iche iche na-enweghị mgbagha.

The SS 310 Flange yana flanses ndị ọzọ na ọkwa a na - ejide ike yiri nke 304 na 316 akara ule nke flanges. Ike nke kacha mma bu 205MPA na ike tensile nke ihe 310 ihe bụ 515MPA.

Al6xn bụ nebisenitic nchara dị ukwuu site na nguzogide pụtara ìhè na chloride na-akwụ, corvice corrosion na nrụgide corrosion. Al6xn bụ alyy alloy 6 moly mepụtara maka ma ejiri ya rụọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. O nwere otutu nickel (24%), molybdenum (6.3%), nitrogen na chromium na-enye ya oke iguzogide ya chloride na chloride na-eguzogide nguzogide. A na-eji AL6XN nke ọma maka ike ya na crovice na-eguzogide na chlorides. Ọ bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara.

SMO 254 Pipes nwere ike iguzogide nrụgide dị elu na alloy 254 SMO pipe dị elu na-arụ ọrụ na oke okpomọkụ na gburugburu corrosive.

Hastellow B3 na-enye otu ihe dị mma na-eguzogide ọgwụ hydrochloric na kemịkal ndị ọzọ siri ike, gụnyere B2, mana na-ewusi ike ọkụ ọkụ na oke ikuku. Ke adianade do, b3 fasteners na-eguzosi ikegbu site na ahịrị na-emetụta mpaghara. Dị ka B2 alleys, a naghị atụ aro ya maka iji ya na ọnụnọ ígwè ma ọ bụ nnu ọla nwere ike ibute ngwa ngwa.

O nwere ike iguzogide ọtụtụ ihe kemịkal na kemịlị na-enweghị oxiding, ma na-egosipụta oke iguzogide na-efe efe na ọnụnọ nke chloride na ndị ọzọ.

36 inch Ani 150lb Asive 718 Flinge Prate Franges N07718 Flange
Mkpokọta 36® bụ nickel-ígwè, mgbasa ozi dị ala nke nwere 36% nickel, ọkọlọtọ 36 nwere ọdịiche dị ala site na + 500 Celsius F (260 Celsius C).
PARR 36 O O OD: 0.2-6mm, wT: 0.02-2mm

Na-egosi nchara 304 maka ezigbo corsonion na-eguzogide ike, a ga-agbakwunye ụda Weld dị mma na sistemụ site na olu. Enwere ike nyochaa mpaghara ndị ahụ welded ngwa ngwa. Achịcha na flage na-ebelata ọgba aghara na mbuze n'ime ọkpọkọ. Flange dị mma maka iji ngwa dị egwu ma sie ike maka iji ikuku, mmiri, mmanụ, na uzuoku.

A họpụtara Sch40 Mon 400 PIPE dị ka nọmba Werkstoff 2.4360 na enweghị N04400. Alloy 400 pipe a makwaara dị ka mone alloy 400 pịpe, mone 400 pịp & nickel alloy 400 pịchaa.

P91 P91 PUPE PUBE
NKWUP :: K94610 ASTM F15
Igwe na-agbasa na-agbasa - na-agbasa ígwè-nickel-cobalt alloys, kovar alloys, nwere usoro mgbasa ikuku nke yiri nke ahụ dị ka nke otu okpomọkụ
Maka iji iko na-eme ihe

ASTM A182 F5 f5 free nke chrome-molybbim steel alloy na ya mere na-enwekwa nguzogide na-agbasa. A na-ahọrọkarị ibu ha dị ala n'ihi ngwa carbon na Njirimara Alloy. Ọ bụ nnọọ na-eguzogide na sọlfọ cracking ma nwee ike iguzogide ọgụ nke hydrogen.

Ihe mejupụtara akụ nke igwe anaghị agba nchara 304 Buttweld gụnyere carbon, manganese, silichorus, sọlfọ na nitrogen na okpuru ulo.

Asme B36.19m bụ nkọwapụta ọkọlọtọ maka ọkpọ nchara, nke na-akọwapụta akụkụ, nnabata, na ọrụ na-achọ ihe abụọ na-enweghị atụ.

Achọpụtara Hastellow C-22 site na sistemụ Nọmba dị iche iche (iwu) nke? N06022. Ọ bụ Nickel dabere na Hickel Nickel (56%), Chromium (22%), na molyddemum (13%).

A maara Nickel dabere na 800 Incoloy Hexagol pipe na-enwe ezigbo nguzogide corrosion. N'ezie, ịsụ asụsụ, Incoloy 800 pipe na-enye iguzogide iguzogide carburtization abụọ ahụ yana corrosion.

N08367 na-ekwukarị na Alloy Al6xn bụ carbon dị ala, ịdị ọcha nke ukwuu "Nickel-mulybdem na-enwe ike iguzogide chloride na corrosion.

316L 1.4401 s31603 nchara nchara bụ nke dị ukwuu nke ukwuu na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke ejiri na-abụkarị ihe a na-ejikarị ọtụtụ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ngwa ahịa. A na-eme ss ss s31603 site na elu dị elu 316l nchara dị iche iche na-eguzogide corrosion, oxidation na ngwakọta, na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka gburugburu ya ma ọ bụ ngwa nrụgide siri ike.

Ọdịnaya dị elu, Molybden na nitrogen dị elu na-ebute nguzogide na-arụ ọrụ na steeti na-arụ ọrụ na steeti niile na-eme ihe niile dị na mbara igwe karịa 50¡ãc.

Ndị a gbakwụnyere na-eme ka ike gwụ ihe na nhicha, na-ekwe ka ị jiri igwe nhicha siri ike ma ọ bụ na-adịghị echegbu onwe gị ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị igwe anaghị agba nchara.

Alloy 800 bụ Nickel-chroy alloy na ike dị elu na nguzogide ike na oxidion na corrosion na oke okpomọkụ. ASTM B407 enweghị isi N08800 Incoloy 800 W. NR. A na-ejikwa 1876 welded pipe na-eji ihe eji arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ corrosion, nguzogide, ike, na nkwụsi ike maka ọrụ ruru 1500 Celsius F (816 Celsius C).

Duplex na-eji akwa s31083 s32205 flanges na-enye nguzozi yiri ya na nguzogide corrosion dị ka ndị ogbo ibe ya

Nkọwapụta 800h 800h anyị nwere aha siri ike na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịmepụta ụdị dị elu nke ụdị ndị ahịa anyị chọrọ. Anyị na-emepụta na-emepụta 800 flanges nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma dị mma. Anyị na-eji akụrụngwa adịchaghị mma na igwe dị elu maka ịmepụta ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n0800.

A789 enweghị S32803 na enweghị s32205 akara ule abụọ nke igwe anaghị agba nchara ebe niile na-ejikarị ngwa ndị ọrụ. A na-ama ama ama s31803 na-enweghị atụ na-emegide nguzogide ha siri ike na-eguzogide, dị elu, na ezigbo Waldọ. A789 bụ nkọwapụta nke na-ekpuchi enweghị mgbochi na mmiri nke emere site na igwe anaghị agba nchara.

Ọ na - egosipụta ezi nguzogide na-anọpụ iche na ibelata gburugburu. Alloy a na -emepụta oxide ube, ihe nkiri na-egbochi nke na-adịghị ada ada, mana ọ na-ejigide nguzogide na-eguzogide na-enwu ọkụ.

A na-egbochi iri nathol-chromium-chrom nke na-ejikarị ngwa dị elu na ngwa dị ka ọrịa aerospace na gas. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị mkpa na mmepụta nke ASTM B670 akwụkwọ mpịakọta 718 bụ mpempe akwụkwọ mpịakọta. E nwere ụdị abụọ nke eriri afọ 7118 dị na ahịa: a na-ekpo ọkụ na efere oyi.

Monel400 Alloy Alloy (Nanị44400) bụ ọla kọpa-nickel nke na-eguzogide ihe dị iche iche gburugburu.

Dan933 adịghị mma N10675-Hastrely B3 zuru oke nke dị na Nickel Alloy 10 * 31 Hex bolt holt 8,8 b3 bolt

Nickel Alloy 400 na monel 400, makwaara dị ka N044400, bụ Alcoy Nickel-Copper-Copper nke sitere na ọla atọ na ọla kọpa. A maara Nickel Alloy 400 maka iguzogide ụdị ọnọdụ ya, gụnyere alkalis (ma ọ bụ acid), mmiri nnu, na sulfuric acid. Ebe ọ bụ na Monel 400 ma ọ bụ alloy 400 bụ oyi na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, Alloy nwere oke isi ike, ike na ike. Site na oyi na-arụ ọrụ ASTM B164 na-enweghị isi N04400 Bark, a na-edo onwe ya ọkwa dị elu nke nrụgide nke ọma, nke na-ebute mgbanwe na microy.

A na-eji ọtụtụ ebe arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ngwa. Anyị na-enyekwa ọtụtụ oge nke mone 400 \ /600 flanges dị na ọdịiche dị iche iche, nkọwapụta & ọkpụrụkpụ dị ka ndị ahịa chọrọ.
A789 enweghị s31803 na enweghị s322205 puning na-enweghị isi

Ibelata titanium bụ ihe dị ka 60% nke igwe anaghị agba nchara na nickel alloys, ịchekwa ibu a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nhọrọ a ma ama na ngwa dị ka Aerospoce.

Nke a na - eme 316 kwalite nkwalite dị mma maka gburugburu ya na ụdị ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha ụkpụrụ.

Nickel alloys bụ ụfọdụ ihe bara uru n'ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na tubes na teknụzụ dị elu nke ngwa ọrụ .Nickel pipe nke mejupụtara alloy na ihe ndị ọzọ na ihe ndị ọzọ.

Uzo nke ndi a diri ezigbo nma maka ndi ozo di nfe, ma odi obere karie mgbe ha na-etolite udiri ahihia dikwa mgbagwoju anya. Ọ dabara nke ọma, ọrụ dịịrị Duplex n'ime usoro ihe dị mgbagwoju anya na nke gbara gburugburu na-ekwu okwu na usoro nchara nyere nnukwu mmasị maka nchara dị mfe na ngwa corrosove.
Pịnye pịnye nkịtị
Tum tum tum
Achịcha
Welded tube
ASTM A105 Flange
Pipexxxexxont pipe & tube
Mpempe akwụkwọ & akwa & cils
Ọkpụrụkpụ: Sch5 ~ Schxxs
Ogologo: dị ka ọ chọrọ. "
Mone K500 Franges Asi B16.5
A na-eji ntụtụ nchara set steepụ 36

Alloy 800 Hell Holy na-agbasa na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịmepụta ụdị dị elu nke ụdị ndị ahịa anyị chọrọ. Anyị na-emepụta na-emepụta 800 flanges nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma dị mma. Anyị na-eji akụrụngwa adịchaghị mma na igwe dị elu maka ịmepụta ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n0800.

Onye na-emepụta nke A105 ígwè carbon plate flinge a105 carbon ígwè

Iji zipu pipeline, ọ dị mkpa iji wepu hose hoce na pipeline. Mgbe ị na-eji ọkpọkọ dị iche iche, a ga-eji pipọtị dị iche iche. Mgbe ejiri ọkpọkọ, a ga-eji ikio mmachi a ga-agbanwe nha nke pipeline. Mgbe ị na-eme mkpọtụ, atọ ahụ na-ejikọ njikọ ọnụ njikọ ahụ na nkwonkwo na-arụ ọrụ na nkwonkwo ahụ, iji ruo ogologo oge ndọtị na-ahụ anya, ogologo ntabi anya na-ejikọ ọnụ nke ọkpọkọ. , N'ime njikọ dị iche iche ngwa, enwerekwa njikọ na plọg nke ngwa.

Mgbe ejiri ya na ngwakọta dị mma nke ọma akụrụngwa, cs herf flanges A105 na-enye ihe ngosi doro anya, nke kachasị na ụlọ ọrụ na-enwu enwu, nke na-efe efe n'ofe nke ọma.

A na-eji paops 304 na-eji akwa igwe anaghị agba nchara 304, ihe a na-ahụkarị na ngwa ọrụ na-achọ iguzogide corrosion na mixidian. SPOOL P30400 ndị a na-ejikarị na-eji igwe na usoro pụrụ iche, nke gbaa mbọ na ha ziri ezi ma nwee ezi ezi.

ASTM B619 na-enweghị atụ N10276 c276 pipes dịkwa n'ụdị ndị ọzọ dịka akụkụ anọ dị ka akụkụ anọ na hexagonal pipes. A na-eji Hastrelloy C-276 Alloy C276 A na-eji ọkpọkọ na ngwa ebe ịkwagharị ekwesịghị ibelata ike. ASTM B619 N10276 A na-ejikarị ụgbọ elu na-enweghị atụ na-ebugharị mkpụrụ site n'otu ebe ruo na nke ọzọ, yana kemịka dị iche iche n'akụkụ dị iche iche.

A na-ejikarị 800 na ngwa ruru 1100hãf, a na-ejikarị 800h na 800ht na-ejikarị ya ebe a chọrọ nguzogide na-eguzogide n'elu 11000F. Ọnọdụ kemịkalụ na-enye ndị Nickel steel iji gosipụta nguzogide na-eguzogide na-eguzogide carburing, oxidizizing oxidizing, oxidizing na nitroị.
ASTM A10n Uld olu na-eme nke ọma na gburugburu ebe obibi dị elu dịka nrụgide sitere na flage, si otú a, ịkwanye ya ngwa ngwa. N'ihi na ọ bụ naanị ihe abụọ eji eme ihe dị iche iche ASTM A105 carbon nchara, ọnụ ahịa nke iwepụta ha dị obere.
Alcoy-Coasper-Corpper 400 Monel 2.4360 na-atụfu mkpanaka na-egbochi ngwa ọgụ na-agba ọsọ na-efe efe mgbe ekpughere ya na gburugburu ebe a na-ahụkarị. Mone 400 bụ ọla kọpa na Nickel dabere na-ewu ewu taa n'ihi arụmọrụ ya dị elu. Alloy nwere ezigbo acid na alkali iguzogide. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nwere ezigbo ihe na-adịghị egwu egwu, na-akụda mmụọ, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, ma nwee ike ịrụkwa ọrụ oyi. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji ya na ngwa na okpomọkụ si na mwepu ruo 538 ogo Celsius.

Ihe eji eme ihe kwesiri inweta ma obu gbaghara ma obu gbaghara. Carbon steel a350 LF2 flanges ike nke 485MPA na obere ike mkpụrụ nke 250MPA. Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ onye a na-eme, ihe ndị a na-eji emepụta ihe ngosi A350 LF2 na-emeso ya na okpomoku na nyocha ngwaahịa a na-eme na ha.

Industlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-egbochi corrosion. Mkpa ọrụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na-eduga na nnabata na uto ha n'akụkụ ike, ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmanụ na gas, ọgwụ na-emepụta ihe gas na-eme mkpọtụ.

A na-ejikarị ya na mmiri na gas gas \ / imepụta na ndị na-agbanwe ọkụ na Petrochemical \ /.

Alloy nchara bụ ígwè nke a na-ejigide ọtụtụ ihe na ngụkọta dị iche iche n'agbata 1.0% na 50% site na ibu iji meziwanye akụrụngwa ya. A na-agbaji Steals steels n'ime otu abụọ: ala dị ala na steellis steels. Ihe dị iche n'etiti mmadụ abụọ ahụ. Smith na Hahemi Kọwaa ihe dị iche na 4.0%, ebe Degarmo, et al., Kọwaa ya na 8.0%. [1] Ọtụtụ mgbe, ahịrịokwu "Alloy steel" na-ezo aka na Lower Steel.

254SMO (enweghị isi s31254, ASTM F44, 1.4547) bụ ihe a na-akpọ super acounitic na-enweghị igwe. Site na ịbawanye ọdịnaya Molybdem ruo 6%, ọ na-enwe ike iguzogide ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nkọ (plen)> 43, nke yiri oke nchara (sds).

ASTM A335 p91 bụ ọjà na-enweghị atụ maka ngwa okpomọkụ dị elu. A na-eme ọkpọkọ ndị a nke sterritic alloy. A na-ekwupụta kemịkal, a315 p91 welded nwere ihe dị ka molybium (mo) na Chromium kwukwara na allomium. Ike tensile nke sa335 pipe na-abawanye mgbe molybdenum na chromium agbakwunyere na allomi. Ike tensile nke A335 p91 pipe bụ 415 MPA, ebe ike ya bu 205 MPA. Agụụ Elution sitere na 20% ruo 30%.

ASTM A105 chefuru ihe dị arọ, nke kachasị ma na-ezubere maka nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-eji ya. Emere ya nke igwe carbon. Usoro nzọ nzọ nke na-eme ka ihe dabara adaba. A na-ewe iwe carbon kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ka ọ na-awụda oyi ma tinye ya na nwụrụ anwụ.

A na-eduzi site na nha dị iche iche na oke nha na ọkpụrụkpụ dị iche iche, ụdị Nickel-Chromium-Chromium-molyybdeom maka ike ya na nguzogide corrosion.

A na-ejikarị 800 na ngwa ruru 1100hãf, a na-ejikarị 800h na 800ht na-ejikarị ya ebe a chọrọ nguzogide na-eguzogide n'elu 11000F. Ọnọdụ kemịkalụ na-enye ndị Nickel steel iji gosipụta nguzogide na-eguzogide na-eguzogide carburing, oxidizizing oxidizing, oxidizing na nitroị.
ASTM A10n Uld olu na-eme nke ọma na gburugburu ebe obibi dị elu dịka nrụgide sitere na flage, si otú a, ịkwanye ya ngwa ngwa. N'ihi na ọ bụ naanị ihe abụọ eji eme ihe dị iche iche ASTM A105 carbon nchara, ọnụ ahịa nke iwepụta ha dị obere.
Alcoy-Coasper-Corpper 400 Monel 2.4360 na-atụfu mkpanaka na-egbochi ngwa ọgụ na-agba ọsọ na-efe efe mgbe ekpughere ya na gburugburu ebe a na-ahụkarị. Mone 400 bụ ọla kọpa na Nickel dabere na-ewu ewu taa n'ihi arụmọrụ ya dị elu. Alloy nwere ezigbo acid na alkali iguzogide. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nwere ezigbo ihe na-adịghị egwu egwu, na-akụda mmụọ, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, ma nwee ike ịrụkwa ọrụ oyi. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji ya na ngwa na okpomọkụ si na mwepu ruo 538 ogo Celsius.

Uru nke Duplexxxxxxxxeels gụnyere: ezigbo weldọbility na mma, ịdị mma iguzogide ike ọgwụgwụ corrosion, karịsịa nrụgide corrosonion), egboro nrụgide na ike ike ike.

304 nwekwara otu 8-10.5% nickel (ni). A na-agbakwunye ya iji mee ka ndị ahụ bistrite ọzọ kwụsie ike na ụlọ okpomọkụ. Nickel na-emekwa ka oke ikuku na-eguzogide okpomọkụ, na-eme steel na-eguzogide nrụgide corrosonion. Ebe ígwè ga-agbatị guzobere, dị ala pasent (8%) nke nickel ka a ga-ahọrọ. Pasent dị elu dị mma (9% ma ọ bụ karịa) ma ọ bụrụ na nchara ahụ ga-abụ nke ukwuu.

NILO Alloy 36, W.NR 1.3912, Mkpọsa 36® bụ Nickel 36® bụ Nickel 36® na-agbasasị na-agbasasị 36% nickel ma nwee ọnụego oke ikuku nke carbon steel.

Iji zipu pipeline, ọ dị mkpa iji wepu hose hoce na pipeline. Mgbe ị na-eji ọkpọkọ dị iche iche, a ga-eji pipọtị dị iche iche. Mgbe ejiri ọkpọkọ, a ga-eji ikio mmachi a ga-agbanwe nha nke pipeline. Mgbe ị na-eme mkpọtụ, atọ ahụ na-ejikọ njikọ ọnụ njikọ ahụ na nkwonkwo na-arụ ọrụ na nkwonkwo ahụ, iji ruo ogologo oge ndọtị na-ahụ anya, ogologo ntabi anya na-ejikọ ọnụ nke ọkpọkọ. , N'ime njikọ dị iche iche ngwa, enwerekwa njikọ na plọg nke ngwa.

A na-eme Super Duroplex 2507 Studing Bolts (EN 1.4410) nwere ọla ọcha 25% chromium 25%, 4% molybdedum, na 7% nickel. A maara duplex 2507 maka ike ya dị elu ma nweekwa ezigbo corrosion nke na-eguzogide chloride.

MENEL K500 Fasteners na-enweghị atụ na-enweghị isi na Nickel na ọla kọpa na-agbakọta. A na-etolite ngwa ngwa ndị a maka iguzogide na-agbaso uru dị oke ike na ike.

Nickel 200 Fanges 200 flanges na-adịgide adịgide, ọnọdụ dị iche iche, ma nwee mmezu dị mma. Ọzọkwa, ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n02200 flassion na-eguzogide corrosion na gburugburu oxiding na optinaiti na oxidizing gburugburu, na-eme ka ha zuo oke maka iji ngwa nri.

SMO 254 Draning Skincy Frange na-eme mkpọtụ na igwe igwe. Ọzọkwa, ihe ndị 6mo flanges gụnyere iguzogide nguzogide, nke bara uru maka ọrụ na corrosive Media nwere gburugburu.

Gburugburu isi n088111111-incoloy na-erite agwa Nickel Met Alloy M4 Roll Hex Black Bolt Incluoy 800ht gburugburu isi

Na ngwaahịa flish fliges na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na klas nke 300 RF Book carbon Franges A105 - Zhengzhou Houseline akụrụngwa A1, LTD.

A na-eme bollow 800ht 800ht na-eme site na akụrụngwa dị elu nke na-ebute ihe dị mma na-ebute oke 800ht. Ha ejirila aka na iwu na iwu kwenye. Ọzọkwa, ụkpụrụ dị mkpa, iwu na-agbaso n'usoro nke Incoloy 800ht wee banye, na-ebute ngwaahịa dị elu. A na-emekwa nke a ka ọ dị kilogram 800ht.

ASTM A106 bụ otu ihe dị ka asme SA-106 ma ọ bụ nkọwapụta ọkọlọtọ maka carbon ígwè na-enweghị atụ maka ọrụ okpomọkụ dị elu. Ọ na-ekpuchi nha dị nkọ site na NPS 1 \ / 8 [DPS 6]

Usoro nrụnye maka 304 igwe anaghị agba nchara nke mere flange dị mfe. Nke mbu, a kwadebere ọgwụgwụ ọ bụla site na ihicha ya ma na-agba mbọ na 1.4301 flange bụ n'efu site na mmebi na irighiri ihe. Na-esote, a na-edobe s30400 frange na ọkpọkọ ma kwekọọ iji hụ na mmiri dị nro ma ọ bụ gas. N'ikpeazụ, a na-agbagide bolts ndị ahụ na-akọwapụta ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe iji hụ na njikọ echekwara, na-elekọta ịghara ịda mbà na-adaba na bolts dị ka nke a nwere ike ibute mbibi ma ọ bụ ọkpọkọ.

Ntụgharị 600 nke usoro nke ọkọlọtọ N06600 na ASTM B167 bụ ndị mepụtara iji kwado nnukwu nrụgide ma bịa na nnukwu akwụkwọ ikike.